EV Basics and Resources

As the (probably deranged) owner of three electric scooters and three electric bikes, I’ve reached some perhaps controversial conclusions about the virtues and drawbacks of each. It would be interesting to see if anyone out there as the same, or different opinions. So here, worded dramatically to drive the conversation, are a few of my conclusions:

1. Full-size electric scooters are much heavier than electric bikes built to perform at about the same speed and range. All that added frame, plastic panels, etc., seems to get you very little in the way of better aerodynamics or safety.
2. Speaking of safety, electric bikes have bigger wheels, and weigh less, both of which are safety assets, but they usually don’t have the lights, horn, etc. that scooters have and they have poorer brakes unless they are retrofitted with disk brakes.
3. Electric bikes will perform at about the same level of speed and range as electric scooters with half the stored energy in the battery pack. This is true at least up to 35 mph. After that I’m not sure.
4. A tire blowout on a scooter could be much more dangerous than on an electric bike because the wheel is smaller and the tire is a greater fraction of the total wheel diameter than on a bike.
5. Most full-size scooters have more storage space than electric bikes do.
6. If an electric bike’s drive system dies, you can (theoretically, at least) peddle home or to a service shop. Most full-size electric scooters are so heavy they can be practically impossible to push up a hill.
7. There is no particular reason why an electric bike could not be made to go 50-60 mph (some already have) and do so as safely as an electric scooter like the Vectrix.
8. The electric bike mentioned in 7) above could be built for less than half the price of a Vectrix.
9. Laws governing electric bikes and scooters need major overhauls in light of the latest technologies and they should be uniform from State to State.
10. Electric bikes are much stealthier than electric scooters in the sense that many people feel that they are just regular bikes and the rider is doing all the work, but electric scooters can be (in many States) registered and insured.
11. Electric bikes can be built from a kit much more inexpensively than the price of a comparable electric scooter (for which kits are not available to my knowledge), but pre-built electric bikes are expensive for what you get.

Agree? Disagree? Any additional conclusions you have drawn in comparing the two?

E-Bike Commuting Tips

This video has some great tips on how to bicycle commute using an electric bicycle. She includes low cost tips on riding at night, in un predictable raining environment. That includes reflective tape from the hardware store, seat covers using plastic shower cap, bicycle trailers (Bikes To Work) for shoping at the food co-op, etc.Other related videos is the Video News report on the "Hybrid Bike" and "Electric Bikes in China"(video), "Electric Bikes in Vancouver"(video)

Chas S.
it feels so good when he stops

Note: This list is in progress, still updating periodically.

***If you have any info to add please go ahead and post it as a reply. I will add a link in this list to your reply and give you credit. Thanks in advance!***

Some info to help you understand batteries (yes I've done my homework, and I know this is dense, sorry about that). To help navigate this list, type [ctrl] + [F] and enter battery type.

Lithium-ion Cobalt:

-Can do about 2C max
-Have a relatively high internal resistance (when compared to lead-acid), this means a high voltage drop under load
-Require a BMS (battery management system) to protect from over discharge, over charge, and discharge rate
-Very dangerous if mistreated http://www.valence.com/battsafe.asp
-Require a special charger designed to charge Lithium-ion cobalts
-Have a limited life even if you don't cycle them
-Survive about 300-400 100% DOD cycles
-Can be charged quickly at 1C
-Very high nominal specific energy, specific energy in EV use unknown
-Price is rapidly falling, but appears to be able to compete with lead-acid in real-world use when considering battery price alone. This does not include time & materials for pack construction, a BMS, special charger, and pack maintenance including finding bad cells and replacing them throughout pack life.
-Power density is high, but batteries can not safely peak a high multiple of their rated capacity at only 2C. This means you need a high energy pack to get a lot of power.

Lithium-ion A123 Systems "Nanophosphate technology"

- Probably the highest specific power battery commercially available
-As these become more available they will likely be used a LOT for smaller PEVs (personal electric vehicles)
-Do your own research http://www.a123systems.com/html/technology.html
-Spec sheet: http://site.buya123systems.com/ANR26650M1specs.pdf
-Low internal resistance, and extremely high power
-Can peak an extremely high multiple of their rated capacity, i.e., you don't need a high energy pack to get a lot of power
-Not a lot is know of them in real-world use for EVs
-Price is very high at this point. Consider buying Drill packs from ebay. Additionally the drill packs will have a BMS installed.
-Much safer, longer life, more power, less energy, and lower nominal voltage than lithium-ion cobalt, but still very high energy density
-Cycle life moderately effected by discharge rate http://www.a123systems.com/html/tech/life.html
-Can be charged extremely fast
-Capacity moderately effected by temperature

Lithium Manganese "Spinel" by NickF23

- Click Here

Valence Lithium-ion U-Charge XP series

-Longer life than cobalt lithium-ion
-Very expensive
-Do your own research: http://www.valence.com
-Designed to be integrated into lead-acid applications. Can be charged from lead-acid chargers (huge advantage)
-Lower specific energy than cobalt, but still very high
-Moderate specific power
-Come with integrated BMS (another huge advantage)
-Can only peak about 3C
-Come in standard BCI lead-acid battery sizes U1, Group 24, & Group 27
-Capacity effected by temperature

Lithium Polymer

-like cobalt, can be very dangerous if mistreated
-Very high specific power, are popular for RC craft
-Specific energy can very, typically appears to be less than Cobalt, but still very high
-Need a special Li-Po charger
-Generally used for applications requiring high power in small battery size. A123 will likely replace them as A123s become more available as they have a higher specific power, and are safer
-Cycle life similar to that of Cobalt

NiMH/NiCad:

-Also need a BMS, especially in a large pack
-Need a special charger designed to charge NiMH or NiCad
-Safer than Li-ion under abuse
-NiMH survive about 300-1000 100% DOD cycles to 80% capacity depending on discharge/charge rate, quality of battery, heat, if they are used with a BMS, etc.
-Can usually last much longer than the above # of cycles with reduced capacity, if they are treated well, i.e., NiMH might last 1500 cycles to 60% capacity
-NiCad can survive 2x or more as long as NiMH if they are treated well
-Most NiMH/NiCad don't last very long in real-world use because they are used without a BMS and over charged/discharged
-RC Car 6-cell sub-C NiMH/NiCad generally survive 300 cycles, this is under very high discharge (<5 min rate)
-In general lower internal resistance than cobalt lithium-ion, but still not very good in large cells (D & F)
-Not effected by cold temperature nearly as much as lead-acid
-Efficiency is poor 66% for NiMH, a little better for NiCad depending on charge rate
-SOC (state of charge) drops quickly, 30%/month, however they can sit in a discharged state OK
-Maintain voltage well throughout discharge cycle
-Specific energy in EV use varies depending on discharge rate and internal resistance: ~20whrs/lb for NiCad, 25-30 for NiMH
-May be less expensive in real-world use considering their longer life than lead-acid when considering battery price alone. This does not include time & materials for pack construction, a BMS, special charger, and maintenance to find bad cells in pack throughout its life
-Specific power varies a lot depending on cell internal resistance, and may be moderate for larger D and F cells, and very good for smaller sub-C cells (those generally used in power tools).
-Some can peak a high multiple of their rated capacity while other cells can not.
- A very important difference between NiMH and NiCad is that NiMH do not maintain a charge/discharge memory and may be charged without a full discharge. NiCad batteries suffer from a charge/discharge memory and must be fully discharged to maintain their run time. If they are not discharged the discharge time will slowly shrink to almost nothing, rendering them useless.

Lead-acid VRLA (valve regulated lead-acid) AGM (absorbed glass matt), deep cycle type:

-Low internal resistance, low voltage drop
-Need special charger designed for lead-acid
-Require battery balancing of some type, usually done by battery regulators (much less complex & cheaper than a BMS), during charging
-Cells appear to be "matched" in capacity much better in production than those of NiMH/NiCad. They also appear to very in capacity less than NiMH/NiCad throughout their life.
-Survive 300 100% DOD cycles to 60-80% capacity, Enersys may survive another 100 or so. After this, available capacity drops very quickly with cycles.
-No. of cycles vary more or less linear with DOD, i.e. 600 cycles at 50% DOD. However, appear to have a slight to more significant advantage with lower % DOD, depending on DOD, manufacturer, and type. There seems to be no "sweet spot" DOD like with flooded lead-acid, instead they always appear to offer more life the lower the DOD cycles
-Cycle life moderately effected by a high discharge/charge rates, but severely effected by over discharging/charging
-Effected more by cold weather than NiMH/NiCad
-Likely the safest batteries available.
-Don't require maintenance of any sort, other than checking the terminal bolt tightness
-On the flip side to how they are effected by cold, if you live in a hot climate and/or heat the batteries via fast charging they can provide significantly more energy/power
-Can be used in any orientation as opposed to flooded lead-acid. This means they can be shipped via UPS, Fedex, ect.
-Very efficient, as high as 95% depending on charge/discharge rate.
-Can sit a long time without significant loss in SOC (state of charge)
-Maintain voltage well throughout discharge cycle, except the voltage drop is more and happens sooner than NiMH/NiCad
-Must be charged after use. Can sit discharged, but they will sulfate, and this can shorten life (depending on how often, how deeply discharged)
-Specific power in EV use (this is not the nominal specific energy!) is about 10 whrs/lb, might be little higher drained slowly, and slightly lower if drained very quickly.
-More resistant to vibration than flooded lead-acid
-Contain a catalyst to recombine hydrogen/oxygen during charging, this means they rarely vent hydrogen, and are safer than flooded lead-acid
-Are 2-3x cost of flooded lead-acid
-Specific power depends on manufacturer, and type. Generally high for those designed for SLI applications (Hawker, Exide, Optima), and good for generic use.
-Can generally peak a very high multiple of their rated capacity

Lead-acid flooded deep cycle (golf cart, semi-industrial, not marine or starter)

-Poor internal resistance, high voltage drop
-400+ 100% discharge cycles, capacity drops rapidly after this
-Appear to have a "sweet spot" DOD for maximum life. Some say this might be about 50% DOD, i.e., if you always charge them after 20% DOD then you will get less life than waiting until they are at 50% DOD.
-Efficiency is low at 70%
-Vent hydrogen when charged, must be in well ventilated area
-Can spray acid when shorted/discharged too fast, or charged too fast.
-Must be kept upright, cannot be shipped via UPS, Fedex, ect.
-Require checking acid level & adding water.
-Acid eats clothing, meaning floodeds are a PITA to work around
-Cheapest battery type
-They tend to smell
-Usually balanced by occasionally purposefully overcharging at a low rate. They will benefit from battery regulators nonetheless.
-Do not maintain nominal voltage well through discharge cycle, and tend to really "sag" in voltage the last 30% SOC (state of charge)
-Specific power in EV use varies depending on discharge rate, can be considerably less than 10 whrs/lb if drained quickly, >15 whrs/lb if drained more slowly. This makes them much more suitable for less-demanding EVs such as forklifts and golf carts.
-Specific power is moderate to good
-Can generally peak ~5C

"Silicon Batteries"

-Similar to traditional lead-acid
- http://www.greensavercorp.com/
-Offers numerous advantages when compared to lead-acid, including low temperature performance, ability to sit discharged, and slightly longer cycle life
-Included in the E-max originally, not sure if they still are
-Have a different charging voltage and profile than traditional lead-acid
-Not sure if anyone could get any, except by buying an E-max.

"Differences between Lead and Silicone" by chas_stevenson

- Click Here

Evercel(Nickel Zinc)

-I don't think you can get them anymore, please correct me if I'm wrong and provide a source
-Initially looked promising at about 2x the specific energy of lead-acid, and longer life
- http://www.electricmotorsport.com used to carry them
- http://www.nizn.com/ appears they have just quit

Thats about all I know. In general much more is known about lead-acid in EV use than other types of batteries. Some things are not well established, or I just need to find more info about:

-How do lithium-ion handle vibration when compared to lead-acid at a cellular level? How about at a larger level, i.e., how reliable will the cell interconnects be?
-What will happen if a lithium-ion battery is punctured and/or exposed to high heat? Will it explode and cause the rest of the cells to explode as well?
-If lithium-ion are shorted, will they explode, and how will they explode?
-How are lithium-ion effected by temperature? Will high external temperature in combination with high internal temperature caused by rapid charge/discharge adversely effect life/safety?
-How reliable will a large BMS be constructed to monitor thousands of cells? How likely is a catastrophic failure causing battery explosion?
-How likely is an internal short in the advent of an accident of a large thousand plus cell pack? Will this cause explosion, and how quickly from the short until explosion?
-Where do you take hundreds of pounds of NiMH/NiCad/Lithium-ion to have them recycled/disposed of properly, and how much will this cost? (Please don't throw them in the garbage)
-How likely are individual cell failures, and how will this probability change through the life of the pack?
-What will happen at the end-of-life? Will most cells fail at nearly the same time, or will this vary considerably?
-How do you design a large battery pack allowing easy replacement of bad cells?
-Does temperature effect sealed lead-acid more than flooded lead-acid?
-Discharge may cause considerable rise in temperature of NiMH/NiCad/Lithium-ion. Will they need to sit a while before charging? Will a cooling system be required?
-Can a cheap constant voltage or constant current charger be constructed with a temperature cutoff for NiMH/NiCad which still allows for a fair number of cycles?
-How much energy must be left in NiMH/NiCad/lithium-ion packs in order to prevent taking the voltage too low to possibly cause cell reversal? Will this adversely effect capacity? How will this change throughout the pack life?

A few additional things to consider:

-With a lead-acid system a battery replacement is easy. If you construction your own pack from cells of NiMH/NiCad/Lithium ion, then you will have to construction a new pack for each replacement.
-NiMH/NiCad/Lithium-ion with tabs may have poor quality connections at the joint to the tab, which may not handle high current, and fail under vibration
-If you or your battery charger damages your batteries then you will likely need to buy new batteries. (Lead-acid are cheap to replace)
-A BMS system may cost as much as the price of the cells for NiMH/NiCad/Lithium-ion
-A charger for a pack of large cells will need to be custom made (including the a BMS), and as such, will not be as reliable as chargers/battery regulators that have been on the market for lead-acid

Known sources for batteries:

NiMH/NiCad
Cheap Generic(low quality):
http://www.all-battery.com
http://www.batteryspace.com
http://www.powerstream.com

SAFT (high quality NiMH/NiCad)
http://www.batterystore.com

Panasonic/Sanyo (good quality)
http://www.digikey.com

Sealed Lead Acid
B&B Batteries (good quality, good power)
http://www.digikey.com
http://www.electricrider.com
http://www.zbattery.com
http://www.powerstream.com

Enersys (Odyssey, Cyclon, Genesis) (Very high quality & Power)
http://www.gotbatteries.com/
http://www.batterymart.com/

Exide 34XCD (Very high power)
http://www.remybattery.com/

Optima (Very high power)
http://stores.ebay.com/Bargain-Brothers-Electronics
http://www.remybattery.com/

Battery Regulators (Powercheq recommended)
http://www.evsource.com/

Flooded lead-acid
Trojan recommended
http://www.trojanbatteries.com check with local battery supplier

Lithium-ion Cobalt
http://www.batteryspace.com
http://www.all-battery.com
http://www.powerstream.com

Lithium-ion Cobalt BMS/Chargers
http://www.batteryspace.com
http://www.all-battery.com

Lithium-ion A123
http://www.ebay.com (search for lithium-ion Dewalt packs)
http://www.a123systems.com/html/home.html

Valence Lithium-ion
http://www.valence.com/

Lithium Polymer
http://www.batteryspace.com
http://www.all-battery.com
http://www.forsenusa.com/batteries.html

Battery Info Resources
http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm

This is not a complete list or guide. I tried to cover the most practical information, including the most promising battery technologies. There are lots and lots of other battery technologies.

In addition, this guide only covers batteries for energy storage, and does not include other technologies for potential energy storage (including fuel cells, flywheels, electrostatic (capacitors), etc.), or energy transfer (induction, electromagnetic, etc), or energy harnessing devices (solar cells, wind generators, etc.) which may become practical for EV use.

Being updated.

Here's a partial list of retailers/dealers/resellers by telephone area code. 

• 203-562-3900, New Haven Suzuki, 143 Whalley Avenue, New Haven, CT
• 203-532-1718, Cycle Dynamics, Greenwich, CT, 12 Riversville Road, CT
• 203-459-1299, R. E. R. Performance, 126 Main Street, Monroe, CT
• 206-547-4621, Electric Vehicles Northwest, 110 N 36th, Seattle, WA 98103, http://www.ebikesnw.com
• 206-251-6380, Cloud Electric Vehicles, 19428 66th Ave S #Q-101, Kent Washington, 98032, www.cloudelectric.com
• 206-328-1750, MC Electric Vehicles, 1200 South Dearborn Street, Seattle, WA 98124, http://www.mcev.biz/
• 208-478-5388, Light Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc., 208 232-3717 Fax, LEVTusa@aol.com
• 212-737-3078, NYCEwheels, Inc., 1603 York Avenue (between 84th and 85th streets), New York, NY 10028, www.NYCEwheels.com
• 212-625-8233, Alternative Transportation, 54 Canal Street, New York, NY 10002, 646-773-4371
• 239-415-2223, Electric Bike Factory, 14250 A & W Bulb Road, Fort Myers, FL 33904, http://www.electricbikefactory.com
• 250-861-3860, http://www.BCnexus.com,
  "Your British Columbia Connection", 101-1865 Dilworth Drive, Suite 503,
  Kelowna, B.C. CANADA V1Y 9T1, Fax 603-658-5856, Toll Free 877-219-6100
  (708)
• 301-674-6640, Scooter Commuter, 4963 Elm St. Suite 103, Bethesda MD, 20814, http://www.scootercommuter.com
• 303-797-1858, Arapare(?) Cyclery, Littleton, CO
• 303-771-0903, Cycle Solutions, Greenwood Village
• 303-363-6887, Bird RV, I-70 and E-470 (DIA Area), Aurora, CO. 80018, Toll Free# 888-540-2283, http://www.birdrv.com/
• 303-544-0025, 21 Wheels, 637 S. Broadway, Suite 227, Boulder, CO 80305, http://www.21wheels.com/index.htm
• 304-842-7366, Mountain Bike and More, Bridgeport, WV
• 304-258-6494, Bath Bicycle, Berkeley Springs, WV
• 305-532-3221, Groov-E-Skootz, 1419-B Washington Avenue, Miami Beach, FL 33139, http://groov-e-skootz.com , thammond999@yahoo.com
• 305-453-7865, Largo Scooters, 103650 Overseas Hwy. #50, Key Largo, Fl 33037, www.largoscooters.com
• 305-480-6007, EVT America, 3515 SW 99 Avenue, Miami, Florida, 33165, Fax: 305-229-8831, http://www.evtamerica.com
• 310-863-2841, Bike Country at 10825 Orr and Day Road, Santa Fe Springs, CA
• 310 698-7101, West Coast Scooters 3959 Artesia Blvd. Torrance, Calif. 90503, http://wcscooters.tripod.com
• 313-386-6888, Bernson EV, Inc., 530 Farnham Street, Lincoln
  Park, MI 48146 (Lincoln Park is located South of Detroit), Toll Free:
  866-386-6888, Fax: 313-386-6710, http://www.bernsonev.com/
• 330-762-2121, Akron Moped, 704 N. Main Street, Akron, OH 44310, http://www.akronmoped.net/
• 402-644-8364, Blue Sky Scooters, 1713 Collegeview Drive, Norfolk, Nebraska, 68701, http://www.BlueSkyScooters.com
• 407-657-5550, GO Electric E-Bikes & Scooters, 403 N. Hwy
  17-92 in Longwood , FL (just north of SR 434, across from Fairbanks
  Mazda), http://www.goelectric.net/
• 407-566-0911, Wheelz of Celebration, 741 Front Street, Suite 140, Celebration, FL 34747, Fax: (407) 566-1151, http://wheelzofcelebration.com
• 408-262-8975, Electro Ride Bikes and Scooters, Milpitas, CA 95035-6913. http://www.electric-bikes.com
• 408-978-6479, Go Skate Surf & Sport, 2436 Almaden Road, San Jose, CA
• 408-378-1958, Go Skate Surf & Sport, 1554 Saratoga Avenue, San Jose, CA
• 408-402-0213, Real Goods, 15954 Los Gatos Blvd., Los Gatos, CA, 95032
• 408-255-2217, Cupertino Bike Shop, 10493 S. DeAnza Boulevard, Cupertino, CA
• 408-293-6113, Cal-Kart, 994 S. 1st St., San Jose, CA 95110, sells/services Zappy
• 408-245-4888, Bike World, 953 W. El Camino Real, Sunnyvale, CA 94086
• 415-388-2550, Famous For Our Look, 96 Throckmorton Avenue, Mill Valley CA 94941
• 415-672-2645, ElectroPortal, 236 West Portal Avenue, #510, San Francisco, CA, 94127-1423,http://abc.eznettools.net/D300013/X300109/eBike1.html
• 416-466-0330, 416/533-0080, Cyclemania, two stores (Bloor and Danforth)
• 425-222-5185, Cloud EV Scooters and Bikes, 30365 High Point, Preston, Washington, 98050, US,http://www.cloudevscooters.com
• 503-233-4612, EcoSpeed, Postal Mail: 1817 SE Mulberry Avenue,
  Portland, Oregon 97214, (Walkins, Pickups & Appointments: please
  call at least a day in advance.), 1-866-EcoSpeed (1-866-326-7733),http://www.ecospeed.net
• 503-736-1074, Bike and Hike, 400 SE Grand Ave., Portland, OR 97214,http://bikenhike.com/index.cfm
• 503-738-8447, Outdoor Fun, 407 S. Holiday Drive, Seaside, OR, (call first)
• 503-682-2242, GI Joe's, 9805 Boecksman Road, Wilsonville, OR
• 503-774-2778, Scoot On This!, 9811 SE Foster Rd., Portland, OR, 97266, 2 Blocks EAST of I-205 (Take the Foster Rd. Exit),http://www.scootonthis.com
• 508-695-3717, Scott MacGregor's Bike Shop, 9 South Street, Plainville, MA 02762, Fax: 508-695-3717http://www.evdeals.com/
• 508-477-2019, Cape Cod Scooters
• 510-834-7520, Grand Lake Scooters, 346 Grand Avenue, Oakland, CA 94610
• 510-339-6091, Wheels of Justice Cyclery, 2024 Mountain Blvd., Oakland CA 94611,http://www.wojcyclery.com/
• 512-669-3216, R Martin Bikes, 9814 Westgate Blvd. Suite 183, Austin, TX 78748, Toll Free: 877-680-8400, http://www.rmartinbikes.com "Just make an appointment and tell us which model(s) you would like to ride."
• 541-476-6505, 805-252-0316 (cell), Alternative Motors, P.O.
  Box 413, Rogue River, OR 97537, tlw@rogueriver.net. Owner: Todd Wolfe.
• 562-427-2779, Long Beach Motor Sports, 3921 Cherry Avenue, Long Beach, CA
• 607-272-1010, The Bike Rack in Ithaca, NY
• 617-583-1393, Emerging Vehicles, One Broadway, No. 1400, Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02142,http://www.EmergingVehicles.com
• 626-799-2099, UrbanScooters.com, 1107 Fair Oaks Ave, Ste #244, South Pasadena, CA 91030, Fax: 626.799.9939,http://urbanscooters.com
• 650-347-7666, Mechanically Speaking, Mike Mercado, 65 Star Way, Burlingame CA, mechspkg@sprynet.com
• 702-642-2453, Bikes USA, 1539 N. Eastern Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89101
• 706-208-1557, Electric Scooter Land, 1005 Baxter Street, Macon, Ga. 30606,http://www.electricscooterland.com
• 707-525-8658, ZAPWORLD.COM, 501 Fourth Street, Santa Rosa, CA 95401
• 714-343-1401, Santa Barbara Electric Bicycle Company, 630 Anacapa Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93101, 866-675-7792,http://www.sbebc.com/
• 714-992-5591, Myron's Mopeds and Scooters, 1879 W. Commonwealth, Unit L, Fullerton, CA
• 714-434-7873, The Seacret Board Shop, 668 Baker Street #5, Costa Mesa, CA
• 714-996-9093, The Village Bicycle Center, 17593 Yorba Linda Blvd., Yorba Linda, CA
• 714-536-0249, Beach Bicycles, 19761 Beach Blvd, Huntington Beach, CA 92648
• 714-537-6695, Garden Grove Bike Shop, 8602 Garden Grove Blvd, Garden Grove, CA 92844
• 715-235-3866, Red Cedar Outfitters in Menomonie, WI
• 727-399-8077, Bike Pros. 9185 Park Boulevard, Seminole, FL 33777-4133
• 760-722-2225, Millennial Motors (David Noland), 505 Mission Avenue, Oceanside, California 92054-2829, FAX 760-757-2303
• 760-722-1146, ENVIRO-BIKE, 1533 S. Coast Highway, Oceanside CA 92054,http://www.enviro-bike.com/
• 760-728-8848, Fallbrook Village Sports, 205 N. Main Street, Fallbrook, CA 92028
• 760/757-3440, Nautique/Electric Bikes California, 220 Wisconsin Ave., Oceanside, CA 92054, www.electricbikescalifornia.com
• 781-331-4220, It's Electric, Weymouth, MA
• 800-969-4401, Electric Star, P. O. Box 5796, Santa Barbara, CA 93150,www.electricstar.org
• 800-765-7661, Newport Dunes Waterfront Resort, Market Place, 1131 Back Bay Drive, Newport Beach, CA 92660,http://www.newportdunes.com
• 801/262-7090, Bike, Board, Blade, 4709 S. 200 West, Murray, UT
• 804/237-2381, Harley Davidson of Lynchberb, Lynchberg, VA
• 808/951-RIDE, Scooter Alley, 2131 S. Beretania Street, Honolulu, HI,http://www.scooter-alley.com
• 818-895-1188 , Wilderness Energy Systems, 8755 Parthenia Place, North Hills, CA 91343-5115,http://www.wildernessenergy.com
• 818-344-5160, Power Source, 18545 1/2 Ventura Blvd., Tarzana, CA 91356, Fax 818-344-5116,http://www.powersource.org
• 831-423-8923, Dave's Custom Bikes, 910 Soquel Avenue, Suite A, Santa Cruz, CA 95062,http://www.davescustombikes.com/
• 831-427-2580, Bicycle Trip, 1127 Soquel Avenue, Santa Cruz, CA,http://www.bicycletrip.com
• 831-423-3008, Pacific Alternative Energy, 1117 Soquel Avenue, Santa Cruz, CA, 95062,http://www.pacalt.com
• 831-475-3883, Family Cycling Center, 912 41st Avenue, Santa Cruz
• 845-639-9046 , Electrik Motion is located approximately 30
  miles north of New York City in Rockland County, New York, Toll Free:
  1-866-ESCOOTR (372-6687),http://www.electrikmotion.com
• 847-537-6666, Skokie TV, 141 S. Milwaukee, Wheeling, IL 60090, skokieserv@aol.com (repairs only, no ZAPworld sales)
• 847-548-0431, EV Transport, Inc., 100 S. Atkinson Road, Unit
  116-184, Grayslake, Illinois 60030, Toll Free: (866) 884-2873, Fax:
  (847) 557-9166
• 860-582-0315, MINE !, 39 Cross Rd, Terryville CT, 860-584-1590fax,http://www.zahzap.com
• 866-895-2238, Electric Transportation Solutions, 100 S. Bedford Rd., Ste. 340, Mt. Kisco, NY, 10549-3444, http://www.electrictransport.net
• 866-807-4337, 628 North 2nd St, Lawrence, KS 66044, Service Dept: 785-749-0949,http://www.electricrider.com
• 866-756-6890, Groov-E-Skootz, 1419-B Washington Avenue, Miami Beach, FL 33139,http://www.groov-e-skootz.com
• 866/262-6673, Electric Scooter Land, 1005 Baxter St., Suite B, Athens, Ga. 30606,http://www.electricscooterland.com
• 877-693-4894, Awesome-Scooters, 411 East Huntington Drive #114, Arcadia, CA 91006,http://www.awesome-electric-scooters.com
• 877-314-5388, EV Gateway, 404 S Arthur, Pocatello, ID, 83204
• 877-315-9915, Electric Scooters, San Diego, CA,http://www.electric-scooters-electric-scooters.com
• 877-4-SPRUCE, Aircraft Spruce and Specialty Co., 225 Airport Circle, Corona, CA 92880,http://www.aircraftspruce.com
• 888-786-8853, RV Toy Outlet, 2431 S. Anne St, Santa Ana, CA 92704,http://www.rvtoyoutlet.com
• 888-RIDEREV (743-3738), EV Rider, 1060 Commerce Boulevard, North Sarasota, Florida, 34243,http://www.evrider.com
• 888-528-9150, SDScooter, San Diego, California,http://www.SDScooters.com
• 888-260-5418, RedStreak Motors, Inc. , 365 Boston Post Road, #303, Sudbury, MA 01776,http://www.redstreakmotors.com
• 888-704-6885, ForsenEV, 5528 Ricker Rd, Jax, FL 32244, http://www.forsenusa.com
• 908-876-4157, Quintin Bike Shop, 51 Main Street, Quintin, NJ, 08809
• 912-757-8549 (fax), Power Assisted Products, Larry Owens, 1008 Warwick Drive Macon, Ga. 31210 email:
  

  http://www.powerassist.com

• 914-356-3330, Pomona Cycle and Mower, 49 N. Madison Avenue, Spring Valley, New York
• 916-641-8640, Natomas Bike Shop, 3291 Truxel Road, Sacramento, CA 95833,http://www.natomasbikeshop.com
• 920-830-1007, The Recyclist in Menasha, WI
• 925-837-1249, Electric Vehicle Machines, P.O. Box 1704, Danville, CA, 94526
• 928-778-2733, Peter Built EVs, 220 S. Washington Avenue, Prescott, AZ 86303, Toll Free: 1-800-617-0001,http://www.peterbuiltscooters.com
• 941-423-2613, Louie's Bicycles in North Port, FL
• 941-747-1242, Fischetti's Watercraft in Bradington, FL
• 941-772-2453, A. J. Barnes Bicycle Emporium in Cape Coral, FL
• 949-566-ZAPP (9277), ZAPworld in Newport Beach is on Balboa
  Island at 701 E. Balboa Boulevard at the intersection of Washington
  Street, Newport Beach, CA 92661
• 949-715-2345, Electric Cyclery, 910 North Coast Hwy., Laguna Beach, California, 92651,http://www.greenspeed.us
• 949-675-3136, Let It Roll Bike Shop, 3130 W. Balboa Blvd, Newport Beach, CA 92663
• 954-971-9590, Atlantic Bicycle (near Ft. Lauderdale), 6350 W. Atlantic Blvd., Margate, FL 33063, toll-free 888-412-3687,http://www.atlanticbicycle.com
• 972-851-9990, EV TECH, 4310 Wiley Post Rd #217 , Addison, TX. 75001,
  

  ,http://www.evtech.us/

• 973-427-8867, Automatedcycle.com, 34 Ridgewood Ave., Hawthorne, NJ 07506,http://www.automatedcycle.com
• Electric Motor Bicycles, Inc., 3941 Legacy Drive, Suite 204, #127A, Plano , Texas 75023 E-mail:
  

  ,http://www.electricmotorbicycles.com

Australia:

• Currie Technologies Australia,http://www.currietech.com.au/index.htm
• Watson and Associates, Stuart B. Watson, 26-5829-310, Slippery Creek, Bellangry, N. S. W., 2446, stuwat@turboweb.net.au
• Australian Assist in Queensland,http://powerandpedal.com/
• Australia Currie dealers,http://www.currietech.com.au/warranty.htm
• Victoria - John Mutch Electronics, 31 Horne Street , Elsternwick, 3185, Tel: (03) 9523-0244, Fax: (03) 9523-6119
• Queensland - Beutel Electronics, 4/12 Billabong Street, Stafford Qld 4053, Tel: 07 3856 6444
• New South Wales - ITRON Pty Ltd, Unit D9 27-29 Fariola Street, Silverwater NSW, Phone: 02 9648 4555, Fax: 02 9648 4560
• The past importer of US Pro Drive gear in Australia, Rotary Australia has now re-badged to be called E-Maxi.http://www.rotarybike.com
• Millennium Electric Trikes & Bikes Australia, Barry
  Smith, 50 Verdoni St, Bribie Island, Queensland 4507, 07 3408 6044 -
  Fax 07 3408 7433 - Mob - 0418 670 734
• Leichester Cycles Burnie, Rod Leicester, 17 North Terrace, Burnie, Tasmania, Ph/Fax 6431 3530
• Eco Trans International, P.O. Box 211,North Adelaide 5006, Australia, Phone: 0439 494449,
  

  ,http://www.eco-trans-international.com

• Effortless Cycles, 11 Honeysuckle Grove, Evandale, Tas 7212,
  Ph 03 63918271, Fax 03 63918227, Email: effortlesscycles@bigpond.com
• List of Cycle Power Assist options (both electric and gas) and retailers in Australia: http://www.ihpva.org/people/tstrike/powerassist.htm

Canada:

• Spokes and Sports, 1889 Avenue Road, Toronto, 416-787-6238,http://www.cyclepathbikes.com/scoot.htm
• All Wheels Inc., Toronto, Ontario Canada, 416-536-2604, 2700 Dufferin St. Unit #11, near eglington,http://www.allwheels.ca
• Twist & Go Power Sports Inc., 166 South Service Rd. East, Oakville, Ontario Canada, L6J 2X5, 905-338-RIDE,http://www.twistandgo.ca
• Can-Scoot, 2067 Golden Briar Trail, Oakville, Ontario, Canada, L6H-4N5, 905-464-0881,http://www.can-scoot.com
• Eco Wheels, c/o Green House Enterprise Centre, 180 Tremaine Street, Cobourg, Ontario, K9A2Z3, 905-355-3000,
  

  ,http://www.ecowheels.ca

• Electro Vélo Inc. offers a range of electric bikes and scooters from several locations in QUÉBEC: http://www.electrovelo.com/index2a.htm
• It's Electric, 20 Brazeau Cr S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2W0Z1, 403-612-4787, http://www.itselectric.ca/index.html,Electric
  Conversion Kits for Bicycles. The best available combination of price,
  performance, durability, ease of installation and quality in electric
  conversion kits to ensure the best possible ride for you!
• Power In Motion at Eau Claire Market, 176, 200 Barclay Parade S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 4R5, 403-233-8841, http://www.powerinmotion.ca/, offers wide range of electric bikes, conversion kits, electric skateboard, and electric standup scooter.
• Ebikeconversions.com, St. Albert, Alberta, Canada, 780-909-4096, Ebikeconversions.com
• Fairfield bicycle shop (250) 2453), 1275 Oscar Rd, Victoria, BC, Canada
• Allwin Electric Cycles, Box 23897, 219 - 5000 Miller Road,
  Richmond, B.C., V7B 1Y1 Canada 604-880-0158, Fax:604-278-1842, Email:
  MALCOLMWMAX@AOL.COM, Toll free (866) 880-0158, Located in Richmond, BC,
  south of Vancouver, Your Authorized U.S. Pro Drive (electric bike kit)
  Dealer for Canada http://www.allwinelectriccycles.com
• 250-861-3860, BCnexus.com, "Your British Columbia
  Connection", 101-1865 Dilworth Drive, Suite 503, Kelowna, B.C. CANADA
  V1Y 9T1, Fax 603-658-5856, Toll Free 877-219-6100 (708),
  
• 250-385-7368, Sports Rent, #3 1950 Government Street, Victoria, BC Canada V8T 4N8,http://www.sportsrentbc.com/summer_rentals.htm
• Green World Electric Vehicles (Emcon Productions Inc.), 3825
  Main Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5V 3P1, (604)
  879-4559,http://www.gwev.com
• The Future Human Transport Solutions Company(tm), Now open in
  Vancouver at the corner of 1st and Fir (near Granville Island), they
  have 6 Segways for rent, $20 per hour!http://www.segwaybc.com
• Cambie Cycles & Recumboni Frameworks, 3317 Cambie Street,
  Vancouver BC V5Z 2W6, Toll Free Ordering 1-877-414-8999, Facsimile
  604-874-3696. Canada's Premier Recumbent Dealer and Manufacturer also
  offers Heinzmann, Curries and Panasonic, etc.
• JV Bike Sales and Rentals, 1387 Richards Street, Vancouver BC, Canada V6B 3G7, 604.694.BIKE (2453),
• E-Ride, 1703 West 4th Ave, Vancouver, BC Canada, 604-331-0555
  or 1-800-331-0555, wide selection of electric bikes, scooters and
  skateboards,http://www.e-ride.ca
• Ultimate Electric Vehicle Club , This club is maintained by
  New Westminster Electric Vehicle Association. We are located in New
  Westminster, B.C. Canada. This is a place for every one to learn or
  spread there knowlege of Electric, Solar, and Hybrid Vehicles.http://autos.groups.yahoo.com/group/ultimateelectricvehicleclub
• Vancouver Electric Vehicle Association (VEVA), VEVA started
  meeting in 1985 and formed as a non-profit society in 1987 to promote
  the development of clean alternative transportation with a focus on
  Electric Vehicles.http://www.veva.bc.ca

Subj: Shipping to Canada Date: 9/24/01 9:47:32 AM Pacific Daylight Time
From: mekkio@home.com I had a couple of bikes shipped to Canada. Here
is what I learned: -There is no duty on e-bikes! -I only paid GST, no
PST -I had the bikes held at a bonded warehouse and cleared them
through customs myself. No brokerage charges! -These bikes were shipped
via freight. If shipping is by UPS, call and ask them about bringing
the bike through customs yourself. You'll save about $100. -If the
customs guy asks, tell him that the bike goes <32 km/h, has a motor
rated at <500 watts, and is equipped with a kill switch on the bar.

Europe:

• Netherlands - BATHY_Automotive, Tel.:+31-316-294554, Fax:+31-316-294960,http://www.bathy.nl.
  These folks import and sell electrical driven vehicles in the
  Netherlands. Vehicles vary from bicycles to electric scooters, motor
  scooters, tri cycles and small city-cars. The website is orientated to
  the Dutch public and therefore in the Dutch language.
• EVstart bvba - 215 Lange Lozanastraat - 2018 Antwerp - info@EVstart.be - +32 (0)3 216 42 99,http://www.evstart.be/e/intro-index.html

• Xtra MOBIL AG, Schlössli im Laubi - CH-8193 Eglisau, tel +041 1 867 15 25, fax +041 1 867 14 06, http://www.xtramobil.ch

• Powabyke Sverige AB, Box 19006, 250 19 Helsingborg, Sweden, Tel 042-15 38 40, http://www.powabyke.se

• EleBike Center AB, Kapellgatan 24, S-265 36 Åstorp, SWEDEN,
  Phone: +46-(0)42-55 439, Mobil: +46-(0)70-88 55 439, Fax: +46-(0)70-88
  55 438,http://www.elebikecenter.com

United Kingdom: Go tohttp://www.kinetics.org.ukand maybe even call Ben and speak to him. He's "the man" for electric bikes in the UK.

• ETC UK, TFX House, 170 Washway Road, Sale, Cheshire, M33 6RH, England, Telephone +44 161 969 1121, Fax +44 161 969 5524 ,http://www.etcbikes.co.uk

• 50cycles Ltd., Cambridge, +44 01223 864 812 ,http://www.50cycles.com.
  "We have some great new bikes on offer, including two that use
  lightweight, high density Lithium ion batteries (37V 10A capacity), the
  eZee Cadence and Torq models. Both are proving popular with customers,
  but the Sprint is still our best seller. Find a local dealer at:
  http://www.50cycles.com/dealers/index.htm

• Urban Mobility is a specialist personal transport business
  based in England that offers a shop, mail order, and internet web site.
  They're focused on electric bicycles, folding bicycles, electric
  scooters, kick scooters and micro scooters. Urban Mobility, 82
  Gloucester Rd, Brighton, BN1 4AP, England. Telephone: +0044(0)870 350
  6079, Fax: +0044 (0)1273 690 997, http://www.urbanmobility.co.uk

• Raz Scooters, Rear 35 Coleridge Road, Blackpool, Lancs, England, FY1 3SD, T: +44 (0)1253 390811,http://www.razscooters.com

• Funrider Scooters Ltd, Unit 1 Stourvale Road, Bournemouth,
  BH6 5FJ, United Kingdom, Phone +44 (0) 1202 434968, Fax: +44 (0) 1202
  423177,http://www.funriderscooters.co.uk

• Electric Bikes Direct, +44 870 345 0775,http://www.electricbikesdirect.co.uk

• www.PowerScoots.co.uk, 5F Wilmer Business Park, Wilmer Place,
  London N16 0LW, UK, TEL: + 44 207 254 9225, sales@powerscoots.co.uk
• eBIKE Shop, +0844 477 0734, "We are an internet and
  mail-order based business and currently do not have showroom or
  demonstration facilities. Should you wish to view an electric bike,
  please call first to arrange an appointment.",

  ,http://www.ebikeshop.co.uk/index.html
  

Here's a few surplus suppliers:

1. http://www.allelectronics.com/
2. http://www.youngssurplus.com/
3. http://www.meci.com/
4. http://www.mouser.com/index.cfm?handler=home
5. http://www.mpja.com/
6. http://www.oatleyelectronics.com/
7. http://www.herbach.com/
8. http://www.surpluscenter.com/electric.asp?UID=2004052612551121&catname=electric
9. http://www.electronicsurplus.com/commerce/index.jsp?czuid=1084313536338
10. http://www.candhsales.biz/CandH/index.htm
11. http://www.powerstream.com/surplus.htm

For FETs and discrete electronic components:

1. http://www.digikey.com/

If they don't have what you want, next option is:

1. http://www.newark.com/jsp/home/homepage.jsp

A list of links to buy ebike kits.

1. Lots of selection of kits and motors here.www.poweridestore.com
2. weRelectrified.com sells Wilderness Energy kits and brushed motors.www.werelectrified.com/extramotor.html
3. Rabbittool.com seems to sell hubs and other stuff.www.rabbittool.com/frames/frelcwhl.html
4. Electricrider.com has Crystalyte Hubs, Kits, other partswww.electricrider.com/crystalyte/parts.htm
5. ebikes of Canada carries a wide variety of Crystalyte hub motors, advanced batteries, and electronic accessorieswww.ebikes.ca/store.shtml
6. Non hub motors that uses the derailer 4 gearingwww.cyclone-usa.com
7. Store that sells both WE and Crystalyte hub motors (and parts)www.bernsonev.com
8. Store that sells Go-Hub kit (and parts)www.largoscooters.com
9. Here's non hub motors that uses the derrailier 4 gearinghttp://www.cyclone-usa.com/
10. For another store that sells both WE and Crystalyte hub motors (and parts)https://www.bernsonev.com/index.php
11. weRelectrified.com sells Wilderness Energy kits and brushed motors.http://www.werelectrified.com/extramotor.html
12. Rabbittool.com seems to sell hubs and other stuff.http://www.rabbittool.com/frames/frelcwhl.html
13. Electricrider.com has Crystalyte Hubs, Kits, other partshttp://www.electricrider.com/crystalyte/parts.htm
14. ebikes of canada carries a wide variety of Crystalyte hub motors, advanced batteries, and electronic accessorieshttp://www.ebikes.ca/store.shtml
15. Ebikeconversionshttp://www.ebikeconversions.com/

Batteries and Battery packs for e-bikes.

1. www.batteryspace.com
2. www.ebikes.ca/store.shtml
3. www.gruberpower.com/gruberpower/advertising/Batteries/Allbatteries/
4. www.all-battery.com

This information is from our good friends at Endless Sphere Technology Forums

Learn more about the home-built electric vehicles at these sites:
- The Electric Auto Association: www.eaaev.org
- The California Cars Initiative: www.calcars.org
- The Electric Vehicle Album: www.austinev.org/evalbum
- Photos and specs on Richard Fechter's electric scooter: www.austinev.org/evalbum/803
- Thunderstruck Motors: www.thunderstruck-ev.com
- The National Electric Drag Racing Association: www.nedra.com
- Cleverchimp, designers of the Stokemonkey electric bicycle kit: www.cleverchimp.com